Restore our climate. Harvest the atmospheric CO2 surplus , producing 300 km3 algae-mass (2kg/l)
(instead of merely diminishing CO2-output), and even the oceans
accidity is restored !
A 1 square-mile production site can accomplish this in 10 to 20
years.
The extra amount CO2 we add to the atmosphere coming decades, may
cause a need to prolong this effort !
I felt a more colourfull presentation might inform and mobilise people
less aquainted with this solution
(still do : )
original estimate, adjusted to 30% oceanic absorption, and 'new'
figures:
967 billion tons CO2-surplus are bound in 351 billion tons biomass
(2kg/l) being 176km3 ,
another 120km3 binds the CO2 surplus the
oceans will meanwhile
release , total 296km3 !
Get all CO2 surplus out of the atmosphere in one year (or ten years).
In
a 10
square mile production site producing algae mass ( 300 km3 algae-mass at 2 kg/l )
Easy and cheap .
Restoreour
Climate !
Green
Gold harvesting (300 km3 to 1200 km3 biomass)
Don't just limit the
climate-damage, diminishing CO2 output !
But
restore our Climate ! Absorb and bind the surplus CO2 .
- Green Gold harvesting
(300km3 algae-mass) restores our climate
(and ocean acidity !)
regardless of our CO2 Output ! (OK. a little effort extra ..)
(Please forward as you see
fit.)
Time to adopt life on earth
as our child.... Time to adopt the world as our child !
Restoreour
Climate !
Green
Gold harvesting (300 km3 to 1200 km3 biomass)
restoresour
climate
( and ocean acidity !)
regardless of
CO2 Output !
(we'll
always have Paris ...)
This can even be done
byjust a couple of
countries or even 1
company
!
(We can do this in 10 to 20
years
on a one square mile
production-site !)
All this delicious CO2
surplus in the atmosphere begging to become high value biomass building
materials (and other endurables) for free ! Even subsidized ! (The
price per ton CO2 is currently rising to E50,- if you harvest it out of
the atmosphere or prevent its output into the atmosphere !) (2.75
ton CO2 is bound in 1
ton biomass (44
tons CO2 is bound in exactly 16 tons CH4 or roughly in 16 tons CxH2x+2,
being roughly the composition of biomass), 1
ton biomass = 2 m3 regular to 0.5 m3 algae-mass )
Slightly longer summary :
Our climate restored in ten years!(simply
biomass storing)(better in 20 years, giving
remigrating species an extra chance to succeed ?)
Our
climate restoredin ten years, storing biomass (165 km3 algae to bind the
CO2-surplus in the atmosphere)
(and
another 124 km3algae to bind the
CO2-surplus that
the oceans will release into the atmosphere) (total 289 km3algae bio-mass , if we like, produced
in a one square mile plant/production-site).
Better divided over several
countries solving
logistics
problems, this installation
promises a yearly production of 16.5 km3 algae biomass, also after this ten
or twenty year project, to
be used for all
kinds of purposes: food,oil, gas, all oilderivates, building materials
etc…this whole
conduct
may well pay for itself.
Better overproduce
the yearly quotum to be stored, perhabs instantly in
endurable building materials
, start profits right
away, and shift gradually
to total utilization of this CO2 harvest (algae bio-mass).
The
endurables need to
endure only 25 years in fact, and be recycables ofcourse , cause by
then the climate is restored (i.e the CO2 degree in the atmosphere will
be back to the 1600ths !), and the production capacity can be used to
replace the possibly deteriorating endurables that store the CO2
surplus we originally extracted from fossile fuels and released into
the atmosphere. (it's all about refossilising CO2)
Production-units in
container-size may help devide this solution over the world, possibly combined
with container-units creating sweet from saltwater (also depending on
the algea-type that's being cultivated).Purple led lights on increasing
surfaces matching increase
in
algae densities may serve
to
produce these desired quantities.
These products may
replace palm-oil, crops and cattlefields, save ecological
systems and return our world to nature in a restored climate!
Possibly
production-towers, pyled containers interconnected, may serve
industries to bind their CO2 output and make a profit as well, selling
endurable building materials and meet the CO2-quota .. Better than
storing CO2, this mass stores 4 times as much CO2 without dangerous
pressures 40 to 57 atmosphere, but at zero atmosphere overpressure !
And
beware of overly Global
Cooling! Harvesting CO2
from
the atmosphere may well turn out to be overly profitable and may cause
need to burn or consume some of our stored algae-mass!
This solution does not address the pollution and public
health-hazard that comes
along
with the general CO2 output. Complete burning into CO2 or alternative solar and wind (and
geothermal, H2 burning etc.) energy do. This obligation still
remains!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(numbers from 2012 adjusted with 200 gt CO2 emission
in the five year since of which 88 gt in atmosphere and 60 gt in
oceans )
Human induced carbon emissions since the
industrial revolution have totaled almost 2,200 Gt CO2.
The figures for the land, ocean and
atmospheric sinks describe where these 2,200 Gt CO2 have
gone. The three major sinks
for human carbon emissions are the atmosphere (44%), the ocean (30%)
and the land (26%).
The (879 +88=) 967 Gt of human carbon emissions
that have stayed in the
atmosphere since 1750 are thus equal to an increase in
atmospheric concentrations of 125 ppm (113 +12) and660 Gt in the oceans.
Read more at
http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/carbon-emissions-and-sinks#KCio5uHWCbkcj9S7.99
(copy-paste in your browser)
wikipedia
As a result, carbon dioxide has gradually accumulated in the
atmosphere, and as of 2013, its concentration is almost 43% above
pre-industrial levels.[9][19]
Various techniques have been proposed for removing excess carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere in carbon dioxide sinks. Currently about
half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels is not absorbed by
vegetation and the oceans and remains in the atmosphere.[86]
I wondered how much biomass would bind the CO2 surplus and calculated
by heart ppm's and atmosphere content (if it were 1 atm. pressure
average). Since that calculation proved so accurate based on the
presented numbers from the internet, though I 'humbly' omitted my
achievement, nevertheless, that satisfaction about my approach may have
caused me to overlook the possibility of checking the number of billion
tons (gigatons GT) CO2 science seems to agree is responsible for the
current global
warming since 1750. This renders a much more favourable and accessable
calculation ...so the next approach is rather nerdy, but produces about
the same optimistic message: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[
4,200
million km3 is
the total 'effective' volume of the atmosphere (if it were 1 atmosphere
pressure average) , 120 parts CO2 per million surplus= 504,000
km3 CO2 surplus in the atmosphere . ]
(2.75
tons CO2 is
bound in 1 ton bio-mass, = 0.5 to 2 m3 bio-mass (while
as gas it has a volume of 1530 m3, at
25 degrees celsius)
(4,200
* 120
= 504,000 km3 CO2
surplus in the atmosphere,
would weigh slightly over 907 billion
tonsindeed,
if
the atmospheric CO2 were 25 degrees
celsius average, to
be bound in around 330 billion tons
biomass, being 660
km3 regular biomass
or fourfold
heavy 165 km3algae-mass
. The oceans will release their CO2 surplus into the atmosphere and we
will need to store another portion of 124 km3
algae-biomass as well … So double the effort or get this job
done in twenty years, which may prove to be favourable to many
remigrating species )
An estimated
30–40% of the CO2
released by humans into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers
and lakes.[11][12]
which contributes to ocean
acidification.
Here
calculated CO2
surplus : 40% in
the
atmosphere,40% in the oceans,20% in
land-vegetation, (a form of endurable
biomass) by now largely
adjusted to : 44% in
the
atmosphere,30% in the oceans,26% in
land-vegetation (hopefully a form of endurable
biomass)
Absorption rates can vary,
but approximately 40% of global anthropogenic (human)
carbon dioxide emissions remain in the atmosphere, the rest is taken up
by vegetation on land or absorbed by the world’s oceans,
currently in about equal proportions.
[We know that the carbon
dioxide is a direct result of burning fossil fuels, as unlike the make
up of living organisms, fossil fuels contain little or none of the
radioactive form of carbon, that is, the carbon 14 isotope, which has
eight neutrons in the nucleus rather than the usual six. Fossil fuels
also display a unique ratio of the two stable isotopes of carbon
(carbon 12 and 13). The combustion of these fuels thus leaves a
distinctive isotopic signature in the atmosphere. So no one can
question where the growing surplus of carbon dioxide comes from ]
Volume
of the atmosphere in a state of average 1 bar :
The "effective volume" of
the Earth's atmosphere is about 4.2 billion cubic kilometers. This
figure is the surface area of the Earth (509 million square kilometers)
times the "effective thickness" of the atmosphere (8.2 kilometers, or
about 27,000 ft). The effective thickness and volume are what the
thickness and volume of the atmosphere would be if the entire
atmosphere were at sea level conditions. (http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_volume_of_Earth%27s_atmosphere)
concentration of CO2
in the atmosphere has increased markedly since the Industrial
Revolution, from 280 ppm to 400
ppm as of 2015.
(so
120 ppm, 120 CO2
parts surplus per million atmospheric parts, for atmospheric gasses
also volume parts per million volume parts, km3 per million km3)
4,200
million cubic km
is the total effective volume of the atmosphere (if it were 1
atmosphere pressure average) , 120 parts CO2 per million
surplus= 504,000 km3 CO2 surplus in the atmosphere .
(2.75 tons CO2 ,
volume 1530 m3 gas, at
25 degrees celsius,
is bound in 1 ton
bio-mass, volume 0.5 m3 algae to 2 m3 regular bio-mass
(binding the C , releasing the O2 largely into the
atmosphere)
(4,200 * 120 = 504,000 km3 CO2
surplus in the atmosphere,
would weigh slightly over 907 billion tons if they were 25 degrees
celsius average, to be bound in
around 330 billion tons
biomass, being 660 km3
regular
biomass or fourfold heavy 165 km3
algae-mass . The oceans will release their CO2 surplus into the
atmosphere and we will need to store another portion of 165
km3 biomass as well … So dubbel the effort or do this job in
twenty years, which may prove to be favourable to many remigrating
species )
(2.75
ton CO2 occupies 1529.55 m3 of volume –at 25
degrees Celsius- [see below] and is bound in 1 ton biomass (44
tons CO2 is bound in exactly 16 tons CH4 or roughly in 16 tons CxH2x+2,
being roughly the composition of biomass), 1
ton biomass = 2 m3 regular or 0.5 m3 algae-mass binding 1530 m3 CO2 ! 0.5
km3 algae-mass binding 1530 km3 CO2, 165
km3 algae-mass binding 330 * 1529,55 km3 = 504,751.5
km3 CO2 - 'effective' km3 CO2 at 1 atmosphere pressure, containing the
total CO2-surplus in our atmosphere -.)
It
seems rather silly
to be so precise at 25 degrees celsius , when the relevant average
temperature is unknown. (likely, the lower this av. temp. the more CO2
molecules present in those 504,000 km3 and the more algae mass is
needed to bind them all)
The fact that such
an average temperature is hardly available on the internet (15 to 33
degrees, barely documented) seems to indicate that this calculation is
not current in climate-science. The treatment of the climate-crisis
indicates likewise. (Urgenda , Obama, no-one suggests this - realistic-
solution).
Volume
calculation of one ton CO2
One mole CO2 = 44.0g (CO2 =
12.0g + 32.0g = 44.0g)
One ton contains 22730 moles of CO2
(1,000,000g / 44.0g/mole)
One mole is 24.47L (Boyle's law
at 25°C
and 1 atmosphere pressure)
Volume of one ton CO2 = 22730moles × 24.47L/mole = 556200L =
556.2m³ One
ton of CO2 occupies 556.2m³ of volume.
(2.75
ton CO2 occupies 1529.55 m3 of volume –at 25
degrees Celsius- and is bound in 1 ton biomass (44
tons CO2 is bound in exactly 16 tons CH4 or roughly in 16 tons CxH2x+2,
being roughly the composition of biomass), 1
ton biomass = 2 m3 regular or 0.5 m3 algae-mass binding 1530 m3 CO2 ! 0.5
km3 algae-mass binding 1530 km3, 165
km3 algae-mass binding 330 * 1529.55 km3 = 504,751.5
km3 CO2 - 'effective' km3 CO2 at 1 atmosphere pressure, containing the
total CO2-surplus in our atmosphere - .)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------]]]]]]]]
.
The nutrients may be expensive or scarce, but scientist can help select
the most suitable algae,
perhabs a variety , equalling out the nutrients we need to store in
those algae.
We don't need
to measure precisely the (a)mount we store, together with green deserts
and other efforts, we simply measure wether we approach the desired CO2
280 ppm atmospheric particles
....! And witness the return of
butterflies..... With crops and cattlecopies from containers , we don't
need to poison our regular plants anymore..! We shouldn't. Let's not.
Finally we may wonder wether the ocean's accidity requires more
concern than glabal warming, that the current situation is already
irreversably killing life in the oceans as we know it, taking the rest
of nature with it in it's fall.. We may be in much more of a
hurry than we already think.
Electrical
Towing Jet-Drones :
Schiphol and all airports pollution free !
(Since
the first electrical aircraft crossed the Channel , London-Paris,
kerosine-free, no CO2-output :)
When
the towing trucks get electrical, one might also apply pulling
startcables electricly operated , diminishing the kerosine spill at
take off, and , ultimately , tow the planes into the air with
electrical towing jets that might return in a drone-like manner to
their loading docks, diminishing need for landingspace and
risk for surroundings. Planes might land on their own strength, for
now, since they don't burn a lot of kerosine to do so....
Since
this solution works we may also apply floating docks on the oceans and
stations elsewhere on the continents and have the pulling and towing of
planes taken over high up in the air by freshly charged jetdrones,
using traditional planes in the transition to clean transportation !
Complete burning into CO2 in combustion engines (= regular
gasoline and diesel engines, motopets and 'brommobielen')
allows building schools and blocks alongside traffic, nowadays
forbidden due to traffic-pollution,
ends the extreme healthhazard in traffic we're all subjected to when
driving:
A simple moist sponge in the air intake of any combustion engine serves
as an evaporater of small condens or mist particles
(moist with water and a bit cleaning-ethanol to ensure desired
evaporation)
these tiny waterdrops catalize the burning in the cilinders into
complete burning , into only H2O and CO2, much like the fireman's
waterhose enhances the fire, which is why he only keeps the
surroundings wet to kill the fire, while water in the midst would only
stimulate the flames.
(the NOx problem in the recent VW software-scandal wasn't an issue back
in 1989 when I encounterd this invention. Of course the electrical way
of driving seems the best overall solution ! )
The sponge material came from motorcar-airfilter-foam, the wetness came
through little tubes and squeezed bottles or windscreen sprinklers,
paper-airfilters would clogg the airstream when wet and had to be
replaced/removed or simply cut large holes in them.
Everyone was impressed back then. It was commonly observed by
lorrydrivers when entering a mist. We could sit in closed carboxes next
to running engines without the slightest smell or problem. White paper
handkerchiefs stayed white, elsewhise blackened by small particles from
engines that weren't even allowed to be measured because they destroyed
the instruments with their pollution ! Even improved with this
invention they were refused by the authorities to be measured. The
handkerchief test had to suffice. Now politicians should find their way
to implement this simplicity. At least in existing hazards like
motopets and diesel two-tacts etc. We should. Let's.
There's an invention of twirling the air in intake, speeding it up,
like water out of a bottle leaves faster when twirled, allowing better
burning with sufficient air. A great relief for the crews that suffer
less noise and vibrations from the smoothly running engines. But still
not implemented or stimulated or recommended by politicians. A
combination of these two inventions might bring fundamental change to
the public-health situation. !